Strategic Issues In Pakistan's Economic Policy

INDEX Afghanistan War, 385-386 Agrarian Structure, 12-14, 60-61, 119-149, 182-183, 234-259 261-262, 375. Agricultural growth, 6-7, 198, 368, 383. class conducting rapid technology adoption, 112-134 Agricultural labourers, 261-262, 264 (table), 27 280-284, 286, 375-376 earnings of, 310 (table) increase in real wages of, 156-159, 160 (table) number of, 257-259 wages in kind, 16 1-165, 160 (table), 163 (table) See a/so Landless labourers, Poor peasants Agro-climatic zones: of Punjab, 263, 268-270 Abmad, Bashir, 107 Ahmed, Eqbal, 361 Alavi, Hamza, 113-114, 354 Ali, Imran, 349 Aligarh Muslim College, 335, 337, 339, 340 Army, British Indian, 356-358 sociology of, 3 57-358 Army Officer Corps, 356-364, 381-382 politicization of, 362-364 sociology of, 356-362, 381 Automation, 77, 95 Balance of Payments, 20-27, 46 (table), 387-390 Banking: Concentration of ownership, 372 nationalization of, 382 rural credit expansion, 382-383 Bhutto, Zulfiqar A., 355, 362, 377-380, 384 Changes in State appratus by, 379-380 Budget profile, 31 (table) Burki, S.J., 112-113, 114-119 Capitalist farmers, 134-149, 183, 188-189, 191, 243, 375-377 definition, 136-138 economic control over wage labour, 135-136, 141-142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149 members of PPP, 377 “middle class’ theory, 112-119 social control, 139-149 social origin, 138, 140 (table) Child: malnutrition and poverty, 57-61 work, 6 1-63, 66-7 2 (tables) Cohen, Stephen P., 357, 358, 360 Conditionanty clauses, IMF/ World Bank, 73-74,371,387-391 Cooper, Charles, 96 Debt servicing, 7, 23, 26, 48 (table), 371 Defence spending, 75-76 403 Delhi Manifesto, 343-344 Dependent economy, 368 See also Industrialization Economic growth: Concentration of wealth, 369, 371-373 growth rates, 52 (table) strategic variables, 4-6, 29 trends and structure, 4.8 See also Regional economic disparity Economic planning, 19-20, 73-82, 215-224, 367-368, 391 Education, 62-63, 80 Employment generation capability 11.12? 59-60, 77 and capital-intensive techniques, 315.316, 325 and remittances, 313 Exports, 21, 26.27, 51 (table), 369.370, 387-388, 389, 390 debt servicing as proportion of, 371 Sixth Five Year Plan, 388-389 Farms: Animals reduction, 150-151, 159, 285 changes in farm size distribution, 12-14, 109-111, 118, 120.127, 129, 133-134, 181-184, 186-187, 234-250 262, 296, 297, 374-375; tables, 137, 185, 188, 239-240, 249, 252, 255, 256, 293-295 Cropped acreage, 263, 264-267 (tables), 268-270, 271 (table) cropping intensity, 270, 272 (table) labour use by crop, 280-284 tenure classification, 119-121, 127-129, 242-248, 245 (table), 249 (table) Fertilizer, 200, 204, 205 (table), 278 government subsidies for, 382 Fifth Five Year Plan, 22, 86, 302,305 Foodsupply,6-7 Foreign aid, 22-24, 48 (table) dependence, 369-371 loans, 7, 22-23, 73-75 370,388, 391 Foreign exchange, 47 (table) earnings, 7, 26, 388: . H exchange rate devaluation, 74, 387, 390 reserves, 7, 22, 50 (table) Gandhi, Mahatrn?, 342 348 GDP, 24-26, 30 (table) Giles, J W, 107 109 GNP, 24, 25 growth rate, 367-368, 388 See a/so Investment Grain Sales and purchases as affecting poor peasants, 1 152, 189-190, 285-286 Green Revolution, 178.180,234, 374,375 Griffin, K., 73 Guisinger, 157-158 . Hamid, Naved, 16-17 Herrara, Amilcar, 96 Herring, 105, 112 “High technology” industries, 89, 93, 97 Hindu-Muslim Communal tension, 337-339, 343, 344, 347-348, 349-350, 358 British role in, 338, 339 Hindu-Muslim unity, 335, 336, 344, 849 Hussain, Akmal, 16-17 Imports, 21, 24-25, 51 (table) conditionality clauses, 74, 387, 389-390 Indian national bourgeoisie, 334, 337, 345 Indian National Congress, 384, 385-338, 339, 341 Industrial base, heavy, 77, 370 Industrial flow processes, 89, 97 Industrial structure: changes in, historically, 898-89 reliance on imported technology, 94, 95, 98,369-370 Industrialization : and Conditionality clauses, 388, 389 concentration of, 18-19, 37 (table) dependent industrialization, 93-96 divorced from science, 85-98 Seventh Five Year Plan, 74, 76, 77 Inflation, 383 Insurance industry concentration of ownership, 372 Inventive activities, 90-92 Investment: as percentage of GNP, 5-6, 25-26 external capital needs, 23-27 of returning migrants, 318, 323-325 real growth rate, 5. 313 Sixth Five Year Plan, 389-390 Irfan, M., 11 Irrigation, 198, 209, 211 (table), 212, 213 (table), 216, 222, 288-289, 374 Jama’at-i-Islami, 355, 361-362, 363, 380-382 infiltration of army and bureaucracy, 36 1-362, 380-382 street agitation organized by, 383 Jinnah, Mohammad All, 341-345, 349 fourteen points, 345 resignation from Congress, 343 Kennedy, 105, 112 Khan, M.H., 262, 280-283 Khan, Syed Ahmad, 334-336, 337, 340 Labour absorption, 77, 197-199, 215-217, 219-234, 288.290 and remittances, 314 tables, 201, 214, 218, 225-229 Labour demand: farm, 261-262, 264 (table), 270, 273, 275, 280-284 Landless labourers, 14, 60, 187, 234, 247, 248, 253-259 369, 375 earnings, 310 (table) See also Agricultural labourers, Poor peasants, Tenant eviction Landlords, 1243, 61, 101-102, 109-114, 125, 135, 138-149 140 (table), 151, 166, 183, 187, 189, 190, 354, 356, 374, 376-878, 392 as members of PPP, 377-378, 392 Land reclamation, 198-200, 209, 212, 216, 222, 288-289; tables, 203, 210, 213 Land reforms, 78, 178-183, 374 Machine production, 77, 86, 88, 93, 94 Malnutrition, 9, 15-16, 32 (table), 34 (table) Child, 57-58 See also Poor peasants Manufactured output, 369 Marx, Karl, 164-165 Mechanization: agricultural, 61, 103.109, 186, 233-234, 261-262, 275, 280, 288-289, 311, 326, 375 See also Capitalist farmers, Tractors Metropolitan economy, 93-94, 354, 361 ‘Middle Class” farmers, 112.115 farmers, 113-115 Migrants, 299-308, 311-327, 321 (table) and capital-intensive techniques, 313-317, 326 return, 78, 299-301, 308-311, 316-327 skills, 302, 303 (table), 327 supply side/demand side factors, 317-325 Military-bureaucratic oligarchy, 353-355, 361, 362 378, 384, 392, 393, Bhutto and CSP, 379, infiltration by Jama ‘at-i-Islami, 361- 362, 380-382 Money costs: affecting poor peasants, 14-15, 150-151, 189, 284-285, 376, 377 Money rents, 15, 151, 153 (table note), 189, 285 Muslim bourgeoisie, 334, 336-338, 345 Muslim League, 338, 339.349, 3 53-354, 92-393 refusal to approve 1935 constitution, 345-346 Naseem, S.M., 10, 119-124, 198, 373 Nationalizations, 382, 383 Pakistan Movement, 333-349 Pakistan Peoples Party, 362, 377-380, 382-384, 392-393 Pesticides, 275, 279 (table) Ploughings and plankings, 273, 275, 276-277 (table), 285 Polarization, social, 101-167, 190, 368, 369, 377, 386, 39 size distribution of farm area, 12-14, 125-134, 186- 191, 237-254, 261-262, 280, 289-290, 375, 376 Poor peasants, 14-16, 149-156, 158, 159, 189-190, 284-283 definitj of, 138,149-150,284 - diet, 34 (table), 65 (table), 15Z 154, 155, (table), 156, 190, 197-198, 223, 286, 287 (table), 377 members of PPP, 377, 378 see also Rural Poverty Potential growth nodes, 20,80 Poverty, 7-16, 33 (table), 149-159 Child poverty Productivity growthrate,207,208 (table) Qutub, Ayub, 18 Regional economic d 16-20,79-80,373-374,393 Tables, 35-45 - 1 Remittances, 7, 11, 21, 311, 313-314,326 See also Migrants Rosenberg, r4 92 - Rural industries: - Non farming, 223-224 Rural Povert 146-; I49. 223, 7, 373 Salarn,Abdus,86-87 : Sahmullah, Nawab, 339,341 - Savings rate: domestic, 6, 25, 75, 368, 370 Schmodkler,J.,9091 Science research : and technical change, 85-98 Seventh Five Year Plan, 73-81 S Share cropping, 15, 151, 153, (table), 189, 285 Sheikhupura, 17-18 Sixth Five Year Plan, 22, 23, 79, 86, 318, 319, 327,388-391 Skilled worker shartage, o2 804 (t 81832 320 (table), 321 (table), 327 Social infrastructure, 80-81, 134-149 State and civil society: crisis of, 367, 393-394 Strategic variables of economic growth, 4-6 29 Subsidies withdrawal, 74, 387, 390 Technical change, 85-98, 101-149 Technology: class conducting rapid adoption ofl 112-134 imported, 94-95, 98, 190, 316, 369-370 indigenous, 78, 9 2-96, 98 See also Mechanization, Tractors, Tenant eviction, 14, 60, 77-259, 376 See a/so Landless labourers Terms of trade, 21, 51, (table), 75, 388, 390, 391 Tractors, 103.119, 183, 186, 190, 215-216, 222, 243, 375 bank loans for, 382 imports, 312 (table) See also Mechanization Tubewells, 106, 117, 152, 182, 189, 204, 285 bank loans for, 382 “Two-Nation” Theory, 347 Unemployment. 77-78, 217, 219-222, 233-234, 318, 377 Urbanization, 78-79 Wage labour, 135-136, 156.165, 141-145, 148, 149, 286, 308, impact of outmigration on, 305-306, 326 tables, 160, 163, 307, 309, 310 wages in kind, 135, 161-165 Yields per acre, 15, 151-152, 189, 198.206, 216-217, 262, 273-280, 285, 288, 374, 377 Sixth Five Year Plan, 389 Tables, 202, 206, 274 Zia-ul-Haq, General, 357, 363, 380, 381, 385, 393